Todd,
I had exactly the same problem you had which I discovered last night for the first time when Lr would not recognize .nef files from my new camera. I had no updates showing in the CC app manager so I downloaded the same updater you used and had the same error that you received. So then it took me about an hour to resolve but it worked. This was my solution:
1. I signed into my CC account.
2. I poked around a bit and found the product page for Lr which has a download link. Reinstalling a program is one of the last things that I try and I really thought about this for a while. So, I made sure that I had the catalog backed up, and did the download and install which went quickly.
3. I opened the new installed version and saw that my catalog was still there (good) but it was the same initial version of Lr as you showed in your original post (not so good).
4. I then checked the CC app manager and noticed that, this time, there were now updates to install. Once that ran, I was up to Lightroom version: CC 2015.10.1 [ 1117303 ] and all was well.
Hope this helps anyone else with this problem.