I used the Update Folder location to tell Lightroom where the files were moved to right after I moved them, but only the metadata and keywords remain with the files and none of my rating info or edits exist at the new location. I have backups of my catalog from before I moved the files, can I use one of them to recover my ratings and edits?
Moving the files and then using Update Folder Location shouldn't have worked. Did you copy the files rather than move them? If you moved them rather than copying them, Update Folder Location would not have been available.
Either way, Update Folder Location or Find Missing Folders should not have lost any ratings or edits. I do this routinely, and I know this to be so. I suspect there must be something else you did that caused this.
In any case, if you have a backup of the catalog from before you did anything, try this:
(1) Make a copy of the backup catalog.
(2) Open the new copy (easy way is to just double-click it).
All your edits and ratings and stuff should be there. If not, let us know. I'll proceed on the assumption that they're there.
(3a) If you moved the files rather than copied them, there should be question marks next to the folders in the Folders panel. If so, as I said earlier, right-click the top-level folder in the Folders panel, choose "Find Missing Folder..." from the context menu, navigate to the new location, and you're good to go. Repeat as needed for each top-level folder (or let us know if you have too many of those to realistically do this).
(3b) If you actually copied the files rather than moving them, then everything should be working properly. If you want to point Lightroom to the new copies, right-click the top-level folder in the Folders panel, choose "Update Folder Location..." from the context menu, navigate to the new location, and you're good to go. Repeat as needed for each top-level folder (or let us know if you have too many of those to realistically do this).